For foundations exposed to heavy sulfate concentration, which type of cement is recommended?

For foundations exposed to heavy sulfate concentrations, the recommended type of cement is designed specifically to resist the expansive effects of sulfate attack, which can lead to significant deterioration of concrete structures. Type V cement, known as sulfate-resistant cement, is formulated with a lower C3A (tricalcium aluminate) content compared to other types of cement. This low C3A content is crucial because C3A reacts with sulfates present in the soil or groundwater, leading to the formation of ettringite, which can cause swelling and cracking in concrete.

In environments with high sulfate exposure, using Type V cement provides enhanced durability and longevity of the concrete structure by minimizing the risk of damage due to sulfate interactions. It is particularly effective in situations where sulfate concentrations are above 0.2% in water and is essential for ensuring that foundations maintain their integrity over time.

Other types of cement, such as Type I, Type II, and sulfate-resistant cement formulations like Type IV, do not offer the same level of protection against sulfate attack as Type V, making them unsuitable for foundations in heavily sulfate-laden conditions.