What is a potential consequence of excessive pumping relative to recharge in aquifers?

Excessive pumping relative to recharge in aquifers can indeed lead to the formation of a cone of depression. This phenomenon occurs when water is withdrawn from a well at a rate that exceeds the natural replenishment of the aquifer. As water is pumped out, the water level around the well decreases, resulting in a steep decline in the water table that creates a conical shape, known as the cone of depression.

This condition can lead to several issues, including reduced water availability, potential land subsidence, and deteriorating water quality as shallow contaminants can more easily infiltrate the aquifer. The formation of a cone of depression reflects the fact that the aquifer is not being recharged adequately to replace the water being extracted, highlighting the imbalance between pumping rates and the natural replenishment processes.

In contrast, the other options do not accurately describe the consequences of excessive pumping. The water table may not rise; instead, it typically falls in response to excessive withdrawal. Flow rates would not necessarily double as a direct consequence of excess pumping without considering specific site conditions. Lastly, aquifer pressure generally decreases with extensive pumping, contradicting the assertion that it would stabilize.